How Historical Architecture Elements Have Been Destroyed

How historical architecture elements have been destroyed in the buildings of Lass Vegas Lass Vegas is a city in the state of Nevada and the city is extremely populous and internationally known for the fine dining, gaming and shopping (Stern, Peggy and Alan 13). Lass Vegas proclaims itself as the world's capital of entertainments due to its famous hotels combined with casinos. It may seem like all the great architecture of the world is gathered in one place: there's Venice, Caesar Palace, Luxury, New York and Camelot Statue of Liberty, Eiffel Tower, the Leaning Tower of Pisa and etc.Directly low the Eiffel Tower, cicadas buzz in branches of the Roman pines that overlook the waters of an Italian lake. Suddenly, the waters burst into song: the voices of Andrea Bacilli and Cline Don rise into the warm night air and spectacular fountains sway in time to the music. Fifteen minutes later, the fountains are dancing to Elvis. ( Hollies, Edward) All these revolution of the themed casino hotel building took place in the sass, when casino owners such as Steve Wynn and Sheldon G Delano realized that Vegas didn't have to be Just about gambling.If they could turn Vegas into a loudly destination in its own right, they figured, then they could attract all sorts of people – folks from Out East, families, and so on, who would never have dreamed have coming before. And if they could attract those regular respectable folks, then they could attract regular money, too. But the architectural design used in the majority of the buildings in Lass Vegas is just a total replication of the ancient architectural design from various part of the world (Stern, Peggy and Alan 13).This meaner that most of its modern architectural design is a complete abstraction of the original design. The Lass Vegas hotels with the ancient architecture theme may have the similar fade of the ancient building but they are essentially still the modernism buildings. The ancient architectural buildings emphasi ze 3 elements like aesthetic, function and structure. All these three elements should marry together. The Lass Vegas buildings are like most of the modernism buildings which emphasize the space.Space is deified in the modernism thus replaced the position of the symbol, bringing the architect to give up the combination of architecture and painting, sculpture, images, and no longer pursuit the symbol. Modernist international style of â€Å"less is more† from Miss van deer Roe as the representative to the simple and rapid industrialization nature adapted to the needs of the times, has swept the world. (Wick) As we all know Lass Vegas is an extremely commercialese city where advertising, signs and construction of the symbol itself is as important as the position, which has also become one of the images of the city of Lass Vegas.Extensive use of neon at night makes the city showing a completely different image. This is a naked commercialism table. Billboards, similar to the tradem ark signs, neon signs, all this kind of exaggeration, mixed nightclub style architecture are not cohesive with the ancient style architecture. The Lass Vegas hotels mimicking the ancient style architecture buildings and at the same time mixed these entire modern commercial decorations extremely destroyed the classical style and the classical atheistic elements of the ancient architecture.In the book LEARNING FROM LASS VEGAS, the author Robert Venture divided the symbolism of the local building into two types: a Decorated Duck, or decorate shed or huts. Long Island duck, Aberdeen (designed like a duck store) is a erect symbol of the space of the building. The Duck is a building that has so reduced itself in importance that it has actually become the sign. According to Venture, most modern architecture are basically UN-admitted Ducks. The real hypocrisy for Venture was that â€Å"†¦ Odder architecture always demonstrated what it was by setting itself against what it wasn't. â₠¬  But a duck is a duck. The overall structure of the way submerged in the shape of an elephant. Decorated huts are ordinary buildings with local giant billboards and markers. He describes functional boring architecture, auteur to the point of being difficult to recall, but carries a surface with applique © ornamental symbols. The billboard is higher than the construction, in addition to the front facade, the back facade of the building seems to be no style.These billboards has become a symbol rich architectural language of the local business, on the other hand the building seems to be reduced only with the symbols of asylum. The buildings in the Lass Vegas with the ancient building look are Just the mixed of these two types. These hotels Just used the ancient building as a symbol of the space of the alluding. In S. Maria del Priority, as Venture, Scott Brown, and Ignore wrote of Lass Vegas, â€Å"architecture is a shelter with symbols on it. † (90) The designs of the anci ent architecture are Just working like a shell or out shape.The essential elements are no longer inside of these buildings. With these ancient architecture shell, the hotels added the giant billboards to the front fade which is a total conflict with the classic style made all the ancient styles buildings more liked the cartoon type of architecture. The classical aesthetics have been destroyed by these cartoon type. In the eighteenth century Europe, however, aesthetics was a discipline in formation. (Irene Small, 18) The classical styles of the ancient architecture here became only a giant decoration of the hotels.The elements of these building no longer emphasis on performance of the structure and function but on symbolic significance and the billboard, markers dominate the space. Luxury Hotel is a very prominent building in Lass Vegas strip due to its sheer size and the architectural construction design. The hotel is named after ancient city in Egypt. It was built with a unique Egy ptian concept. Its structural design is perceived to be a pelvic of the Gaza pyramids in Egypt with huge sphinxes at the front of the building. The interior design of the building is a copy of the Egyptian artifacts, form it golden materials to the sculptures.This is according to the Evolve Simpson who was the main architect of the Luxury building (Stern, Peggy and Alan 14) the building is Just a replica of the ancient pyramid in Egypt because its exterior design is composed of a black glass that encases the metal frame hollow structure. The inside of the building opens up to the largest open hall in the world, it's lavishly decorate with very many productions of the Egyptian painting and artifacts which give the building a sense of ancient times. During the night, very powerful spotlights shoot straight from the building to the air.These spotlights are even visible from space (Vinegar, 28). The Luxury Hotel, which was actually opened in the 1993, had a very magnificent theme of an ancient Egypt, when compared to the original pyramid but the architectural design borrows a lot of the modern technology while still trying to maintain the structural design of the original pyramid. Paris Lass Vegas is another building with a omelet imitation of the original architectural work. The building is located at the strip of the Lass Vegas. Its theme is the city of Paris in France.It's a 541 foot tall replication of the Eiffel tower, in a shape of a Montpellier balloon. It has a two-third size Arc De triumphed, which is a replica of the La Fontanne deer. Surging the architectural planning, the Eiffel scale model was supposed to be built to the full model. That is to the same height like original tower in Paris France. But the airport was to close and tower had to be shrunk. The Eiffel tower of Lass Vegas is in the scale f 1 in comparison to the original tower in Paris France. The Lass Vegas tower has another unique architectural difference from the original tower.The back l eg of the Eiffel tower come down through the ceiling into the casino floor. The Eiffel tower has a very significant structural deviation from the original tower. The tower is only 165 meters with about 5000 tons of welded steel and stands. This is about half the size of the original which is about 320 meters tall. This is a same height as of an 81 – story building. Furthermore, the Eiffel tower of France consists of a structure that made up f puddle iron that weight approximately 7300 tones, while the rest of the structure is made of nonmetallic components, which weights a approximately 10000 tones.This demonstrates the economy of design which is much different with the Eiffel tower of Lass Vegas. Venetian hotel stands at the site where one of the famous old buildings used to stand. The Sand Building was restructured during the time when Lass Vegas was moving onwards in the field of architectural designs. The Sand buildings artistic design was altered and replaced with roman architectural design, which gave the Venetian building carved stone columns in the open lobby. Again these are Just the copy of the fade of the ancient architectural.Caesar Palace Casino in Lass Vegas was constructed in 1965. The hotel was named Caesar Palace because the owner though that the name would evoke the thoughts of the loyalty because of the roman general Julius Caesar. The architectural design of the hotel had a roman architectural touch and a theme, signaling both ancient decadence and sophistication. The roman architecture framed the entrance with spraying fountains and may replicas of detailed roman statues all around the building. The idea of replicating the ancient roman architectural design was to make every guest to the hotel feel like a Caesar.This ancient ideology is also represented by the absence of an apostrophe in the Caesar Palace, which meant that it is a place of many Caesar and not one. The Caesar Palace Just represents a fade of original architectural bu ilding design of the Romans. Lass Vegas has bee accused by critics as being uncultured, heartless metropolis with remarkably little patience with any architecturally outdated building in the city, which include its own historical building sites. Visiting the end of the Fremont Street one experience digress en walking past the hulking shell of Minneapolis. , without being aware of hope the building once represented.However the building has lost its original aesthetic value and visitors have shown little to no interest in the building. The building has been into Fremont square as a part of the revitalization efforts. The ancient beauty and aesthetic value of the building has bee replaced with an animation of the modern architectural design. The building of the Caesar palace mimic all these ancient elements like arch and column mostly in a decoration way. The ancient Rome use Arches which were made of stones or bricks and placed on top of each other in a way that it can form and an arc h and hold weight upon itself.Also in the Rome the arches were used to hold the massive weight of the dome. The arches in Caesar palace's ceiling works mostly Just as the decorating to resemble the ancient Rome building style and offer a glimpse into the ancient Roman buildings almost two thousand years ago. In fact, the hotel mainly used the columns from which originated from the Greek architecture. For the material, the ancient roman mainly used concrete and blocks. But the modern construction materials of the hotel are nothing similar to the brick and concrete walls.The hotel used the modern day technological materials and were built using the state of art architectural technology (Bourns, 1 53) same like the Luxury hotel. The pyramid is used by the totally different material from the original ancient building with the giant glass. The fancy version of the sphinx, totally different scale of the building, all made these Lass Vegas pyramid more like a children's park like buildings while the classical architectural pay attention to building as a whole. The four cascades in addition to the roof should be carved like a sculpture.In Lass Vega's extreme commercial environment, Buildings are made rapid, shallow and vulgar. In order to compete in this marketplace, a casino needs a virtual edge that fulfills the old role of the sign. The buildings are often renovated to get the glossy fades. In 1998, Steve Wynn transformed an image of the Italian Bellagio resort into drizzling fountains and â€Å"historic† two-story building facades, while in 1999, Circus Circus Corporation realized the Mandalay Bays Southeast Asian theme by bringing in 2700 tons of a sand. Buildings in Lass Vegas are in relentless change.The outlooks of the building are mostly concerned in these Vegas buildings but not the structure. The ancient buildings emphasize the structure and that's how they can stand there for over thousands of year. The sturdiness is a very important character of th e ancient buildings while in the Lass Vega's buildings these elements are no longer important. In fact, Vanity and fragility of modern architecture are criticized in Xavier Delver ‘s urban forms urban forms. Lass Vegas is the modern commercial city with visual propaganda in the business repose and business needs.The benefits of social, economic, and visual impact largely affect the form and the shape of the buildings. The vision becomes an important factor of a way to attract eyeballs. Maybe that's why they are mimicking the famous architecture in the world. But the essential elements of the architecture are totally lost in these commercial buildings in which the only logic is for the profit. The purpose of business is to make money; the purpose of commercial buildings is to service to make money. The buildings in Lass Vegas mimicking the famous architecture designs are Just the visual construction of the commercials.

A previously written monologue of ‘Our Sammy’, which is from the Blood Brothers play

For our development section of the course we are asked to perform a monologue. This could either be a previously written monologue of ‘Our Sammy', which is from the Blood Brothers play, or to write up our own monologue which relates to the play ‘Blood Brothers'. I decided to write my own monologue, because It gave me the chance to be original, and to express what I interpret what the characters are feeling, so that I could put it into my own words and to block the piece how I wanted it to be performed. The ‘monologue' word comes from the Greek words â€Å"mono† and â€Å"logos† which means â€Å"one word†, it is a linguist act designed to transport/convey information by one person directly addressing the audience. In a monologue the thespian needs to be alone, however, none of the other cast speaks. Although when an actor/actress is alone, perhaps thinking out loud, this is a soliloquy, not a monologue. There are two basic types of monologue that can be performed, these are a; Exterior monologue: Whereby the actor speaks to another person, who is not in the performance space and who is not in the audience. Interior Monologue: This is where the actor speaks to himself or herself. It is examining their own sensory and perceptual experiences and reveals the inner motives/thoughts to the audience. This is commonly used in stream of consciousness (stream of consciousness indicates a library technique (works of fiction using certain techniques to tell a story)) writing. A monologue is an art form in and of its self, but it is always part of a bigger, dialogue-based play. It is a provision of another point or angle in relating to the audience and revealing the character's inner life, motives and emotions. My own written monologue is about Edward just after he's meet Mickey, it shows his emotions towards Mickey, how incredible the coincidence is that they have the same birth date and how angry/annoyed he feels toward Mrs Lyons and Mrs Johnstone when whenever they meet they instantly split them up and stop them playing. My Monologue: Born on the same day, fancy that? July the 18th, so we made a pact Blood brothers forever joined by blood Forever more standing by him And he's standing by me He's a jolly old chap, he's smashing great The F word, a plate in his head But most of all being PISSED OFF!! He's super fun but dead careful he knows How to play count to ten and you'll be on your way†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ That's his favourite game But I'm not allowed to play anymore Because mummy says so Whenever we meet, Mrs Johnstone or mummy splits us up An excuse, bed time or something like that But I don't mind because were blood brothers Blood brothers forever and ever so it's all alright. So when mummy comes and spoils the fun I really†¦. really want her to†¦to†¦ F off!!!! But it's not fair she always wins And anyway I'm only seven Only seven and a bit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Literture review report on one of these topics nuclear power, Assignment

Literture review report on one of these topics nuclear power, Renewable Wind Energy, Personal Transport, Public and Urban Transportation, Maritime Industry - Assignment Example A growing trend across the world including in developing nations is that most countries see nuclear energy as a viable program to meet domestic energy consumption. The only challenge is that some countries lack the financial and technical resources to produce nuclear power. This report critically analyses the effectiveness of nuclear energy as an alternative sources amidst safety concerns. In addition, the paper will examine the perception that nuclear energy can make a positive contribution towards the reduction of greenhouse emissions. The report will conclude by forecasting the developments made in nuclear power production and how nuclear energy is likely to address future energy problems. One of the major focus by environmentalists is to alleviate the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. As such, global warming will be brought under control. The lack of a global approach to handle the emission of greenhouse gases has been cited as the major reason why such emissions remain unstoppable. This is despite the fact that countries across the world signed the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing the rate of harmful emissions into the atmosphere by the year 2050. A report filed by the Panel on Climate Change indicated that there is need to stabilise CO2 concentration in the atmosphere in order to prevent the world temperatures from rising to 2C. Nuclear energy has been cited as playing a key role in containing the emission of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. In 2009 for example, nuclear energy accounted for over 15% of the global electricity production coming second after hydro power production. The incident that occurred in Fukushima Daiichi was caused by a combination of an earthquake and a Tsunami. The Fukushima incident led to new safety concerns that many people felt needed to be addressed. The incident put a lot of focus the safety of worker in

Picassos Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Picassos Work - Essay Example In having such notable skills at such a tender age, Picasso decided to drop out of school and follow a career in art and painting. In having a natural talent and gift in art, Picasso managed to experiment and come up with unimaginable work of arts at that time. He and his friend Georges Braque founded the well known abstract movement known also as the cubism. As an artist, his style became diverse with his ideologies, explicable and experimental techniques and through his different theories. Picasso was a man full of imagination and possibilities as displayed from his art work. Apart from being an artist, he was also a thinker likened to people like Albert Einstein. Living in a culture that obeyed tradition, he managed to disobey it and followed his wishes. He defied the formal rules of art to explore and master realistic painting at a tender age. This made so unpredictable with his art and designs. When young, Picasso’s painting majorly revolved around cubism and sex. In fact , there are a lot of nude art work of which he demonstrates how the body of a woman could display a lot. Through his mindset, he did a brilliant sculpture work and graphic art forms in stage design, ceramics and mosaics. To this present day, his art and work are in museums and in personal collections all around the universe. As a teenager, he did his first painting in cubism known as the ladies of Avignon. Picasso loved displaying some of his art through painting entailing the nature of a woman’s body.

To what extent can duties of environmental preservation be explained Essay

To what extent can duties of environmental preservation be explained in terms of intergenerational justice - Essay Example It is with this rationale that the current paper is written to identify the best modalities, theories and approaches that can be put in place to ensure generational responsiveness environmental preservation. The issue of generational responsiveness is considered necessary because generations of all types including the past generation, present generation, and future generation have different roles to play in environmental preservation (Hayward, 1998). In the light of this, the paper seeks to explain how the duties of environmental preservation can be undertaken in terms of intergenerational justice. Gosseries (2008) lamented that despite the high level of technological progress, we continue to depend highly on the environment and its resources in running industries and economies. Regrettably, this situation has made the threat of environmental destruction a perpetual one. Happy enough, major global stakeholders including both governmental and nongovernmental agencies continue to appreciate the need for curbing the threat of environmental degradation and depletion (Hardin, 1968). It is against this premise that environmental preservation has become one of the most discussed public topics in global discourse. Holistically, environmental preservation can be said to be the process of protecting the environment against destruction and depletion so that future generations can have substantial quantum of natural resources from the environment to support them (Shrader-Frechette, 2009). The scale and nature of efforts made towards environmental preservation has evolved over the years. T he evolution accounts for different terms and concepts used to stand for environmental preservation including such ideas as sustainable development, ecological debt, de-growth, and ecological footprint (Gosseries, 2008). On the whole, environmental preservation have included practices aimed at ensuring the judicious and prudent use of

Social Inequality and the Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Inequality and the Law - Case Study Example (ii) There is another matter that, both of them are black murder cases. The judgment and the subsequent actions are said to be based on the fact that the victims were blacks. It is another similarity with the two cases that no offender was found even after a very pinpoint search. As in accordance with the changes in British law that came as an effect of the case of Stephen Lawrence James' father would have aremedy. David Blunkett who was a Home Secretary of Bratain introduced that, the Parliament of Britain forfited the provision against double jeopardy that was previously a strict prohibition. If there is a new and compelling evidence, retrials are now allowed. This is a positive aspect of James father.After the passing of The Race Relations (Amendment) Act (RRAA) 2000,it is more easy for the father of James to go to the Court and get a remedy from the Government. Whether the poor people, women and those from Black and minority ethnic classes are often barred from accessing to justice that is totally dependent on the practice of a state and the people live there. By proven information it can be stated that there is a relation between the race people and the police regarding the combating against racism. Because of institutional racism, or by mixing with other people from other ethnic communities through social events, some of the institutions supply an environment where users can change themselves into basic stream of the society by entering the offices from which they have enjoyed less access. Social justice and Social inclusion is necessary to guarantee full citizenship. Shifting conditions and formative culture are the suggestion of removing entire impartiality. Privilege of every proceeds, fortification and other obligatory requirements; recompense and life likelihood for all; and falling or diminishing excessive inequalities are the keys to take the behind people ahead. The major conference summit of the equalities program has been to protect strict groups from grievance, domination or exploitation, and agonize. There have been groups with natural behavior to struggle against femininity, disability and sexual course. In this situation there is a problem to broaden the religious relationship, social source, tongue and political thinking and opinions - and to focus on celebrating diversity and understanding how inequality arises and how they can be discussed. Service, goods and services in restricted access, under-representation in political, economic and community decis ion making; grass root level people in society; separation, i.e., through restricted employment opportunities; express unfairness; as well as pestering, threats and aggression are aspects of variation in rights. Almost every people in white groups can not take help from full citizenship - they are socially disqualified. Discrimination is of the processes that deny people from full nationality. Social justice can be best acquired through considering the dissimilar wishes of white classes. The requirements of women using public convey, given private security concerns, may vary to the

The Law of One Price - Purchasing Power Parity Assignment

The Law of One Price - Purchasing Power Parity - Assignment Example Multinational companies operating in countries such as those may be faced by risk emanating from their trade especially when there is a drawdown as well as repayment of Import/ Export Forex Loans in addition to disbursements of import/Export Bills denominated mostly in foreign currencies. Such companies will also be faced with risk emanating from Inward/Outward Remittances which are also denominated in currencies from other countries. There is also risk coming from overseas dividends that are arising from repatriating profit from overseas back home as well as operating expenses of overseas such as paying employees working in overseas. Lastly, foreign exchange risk may emanate from assets held in overseas countries such as excess cash balances of subsidiaries operating in overseas together with overseas liabilities that may result from the borrowing of foreign currency (Sharan, 2012). These fluctuations in foreign exchange rates may trigger changes in the value of the cash flows, liabilities and assets, particularly when they are denominated in foreign currencies. This means, therefore, such fluctuations may adversely affect a company’s outgoing import disbursements and incoming export funds. This is why management of foreign exchange risk is very important since it can help in minimising the risk or maximising the firm’s profit (Berg, 2010). A managed floating exchange rate is crucial for not only economic restructuring but also optimization of allocation of resources. This is because an exchange rate symbolizes price relations that exist between non-tradable and tradable goods and services. A regime of managed floating exchange rate improves the effectiveness of resource allocation, direct resources to the economic sectors that are mainly fuelled by domestic demand, for instance, the services sector, promotion of industrial upgrading, transformation of the economic pattern development, reduction of trade imbalances together with over-reliance on exports, all these stimulate economic demand to have an influential role in economic development and hence leads to promotion of balanced and sustained economic growth.

Virtual Community Research Methodology Dissertation

Virtual Community Research Methodology - Dissertation Example How strong can this sense of community be? 4. What kinds of cultural identity have been formed in this virtual community? Research Method The data collection method that I will be using is ethnographic interviews and an analysis of the website. In this case, the structured interviews consisted of asking the Respondents 20 open-ended questions, which are found the Appendix C. The Respondents were encourage to expound upon their answers in a concrete way, and give as much detail as possible in their answers. In order to find the right respondents, I visited the popular discussions on the site to see the interactions which occurred among various topics. After this, I posted 10 general questions (Appendix A). These questions were posted individually within a period of seven days. Fifteen respondents were observed. From all the Respondents, I followed the profiles of each user to personally determine whether they pass the first criterion of having maintained a distinct Chinese culture. Th e criteria for determining if the user maintained a distinct Chinese culture was by evaluating their point of view to ascertain if their viewpoint was oriented towards Chinese culture or towards the culture of the host country. Afterwards, the shortlist of 15 users was identified based on the duration of their usage and membership on the website. They were sent an invitation to participate in the study further through an interactive interview conducted through emails or instant messaging platforms of their choice. They were also asked the following questions in order to qualify them for the second criterion – that traditional media does not play a significant role in his daily life (Appendix B). Based on the responses to these questions, I selected ten users who display the second criterion the most. That is, they exhibit interest in getting the latest updates about China, and the Chinese people and culture at large, and that they do not get this information from traditional media. Furthermore, they exhibit knowledge about the fifth question’s subject matter, not only through their actual subscriptions and affiliations, but through their expression of interest to get connected and develop deeper understanding. After ten users were selected based on the criteria mentioned above, I proceeded to schedule the interactive interviews. The questions which were asked in the interview are in Appendix C. These happened within a period of one month. I also allowed the respondent during the time to deliver a meaningful personal account of experiences, and the flexibility to do it at his or her own pace. With regards to the website analysis, I examined the website carefully, then grouped the website categories into themes. These themes fit under the rubric of the four research questions which were asked, then fit into subthemes within these four research themes. The subthemes were as follows: a.) Common cultural practices b.) How having a common homeland conn ects users c.) Connection through current Chinese events d.) Connection between Chinese living throughout the globe d.) Connection through activities and services. These themes fit under the larger themes and larger questions regarding the sense of community and the strength of community, plus the cultural identities which are formed by the ethnic community. How these subthemes fit into the larger theme is that these themes focus upon how the Chinese users of

Marketing Strategies of Coca-Cola Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Marketing Strategies of Coca-Cola - Case Study Example Professor Yvonne Mc Laughhlin has done well to focus attention on the various global companies with primary attention on Coca-Cola Company and its global competitors, as there is a dearth of books on management for developing countries. With her blend of expertise in the academic discipline and her practical work experience, Prof. Yvonne Mc Laughhlin is well equipped to write this book on global marketing. Due to the lack of sound management books at the graduate and postgraduate levels, this book would feel an important void. The other books written by this author and published by Business Information Books are 'Business Studies' (1998), "Relationship Management of Toyota' (2006). In addition to these, the author is a regular writer in business magazines and times now. His recent published article on 'TATA's Global Acquisition' in "Business Today", of Jan 2008, has revealed TATA'S insight views of management and future expansions plan. Marketing variables play an important part in the presentation and exposure to the target population. Age and geographic variables are also important factors. It is important for the Coca-Cola Company to target new segments in order to remain at the cutting edge. In order to remain competitive in the market it is important to present timely and effective information for the target population. The creation of a proper Marketing Information System and its updation on regular basis is very important for the Company to not only keep its presence felt but also to increase traffic. A step by step marketing plan should be undertaken in order to achieve the desired result. The management should undertake an annual evaluation of the plans and goals designed to achieve. This will help the company to correct its action towards the right direction. Continuous updation and promotion will make it possible to achieve its goals in future. Research Objectives To understand the importance of the strategic model for effective management that integrates strategic techniques in decision making. To understand the decision making process, and the use of strategic business techniques in the organization. To understand the involvement of various aspects of these tools and their effectiveness in an organization. To get an understanding and critical evaluation of a company to get an insight how effectively the business techniques are implemented. Layout of the book Chapter 1: Introductory background of the main theme of the book, the core research problems and aims and objective for this dissertation. Chapter 2: Reviews the main literature and theories in relation to the market forces, environmental analysis and competitive advantage of the organization in particular the pharmaceutical market. Chapter 3:

Robinson Crusoe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Robinson Crusoe - Essay Example Daniel Defoe had done a good job to bring Robinson to the wilderness of deserted island by a shipwreck, which was essential for the rebuilding of his own future. It was the only event which was a turning point in the life of Robinson Crusoe. It was the ending of his otherwise prolonged journey. The moments he spent there were teaching him new lessons. Slowly he recognized the environs, the features, the objects which were offered to him. In his own words, â€Å"the total nature itself fetch him essentials for his life†. The fear of solitude surrounded him there. This led to the construction of his shelter. It was necessary for him to become self sufficient in every matters like food, drink, animal husbandry, and plantations. When he noticed the miraculous growth of the corns he realized that these are the results of fate ,"for it was the work of Providence as to me, that should order or appoint, that the ten or twelve grains of corn should remain unspoiled, as if it had been d ropped down from Heaven" ( Defoe, 79). Man has such a particular nature to develop special qualities for the improvement in a totally alien surroundings. Defoe filled his hero with the power and strength. For this he uses his own religious believes also. It is Crusoe’s Christianity that helps him to attain richness both spiritually and financially. In that way he became a real colonizer. Thus Defoe represents the island as a symbol of the outside world. All the time Crusoe was trying to recreate his past life. There was surely a conflict arises in the mind of Crusoe, a conflict that of a civilized man and unsophisticated circumstances. Every actions of the hero were that of a civilized man. He learnt to meet all the necessities from the neighboring materials itself. The materials and the nature itself generated ideas in the mind of the hero. These ideas can be treated as intuitions or insights the primitive man was

Who Is Jesus Essay Example for Free

Who Is Jesus Essay To say who Jesus Christ is within one essay would be an impossibility. However, as a servant of my Lord and Savior, I will attempt to explain who my precious Jesus is. Who is Jesus? He is the Son of God and He is also the Son of man. He is the atonement for our sins; he is the King of glory. Jesus is the bright and morning star and a mighty counselor and teacher. He is the great physician and the bread of life. Jesus is the bread of life; the first and the last; the Alpha and the Omega. He is the King of kings and the Lord of lords. To me, personally, Jesus is my strength and the best thing that has ever happened to me! He is my Savior; my Redeemer and my best friend. And what He is to me, He desires to be to the whole world. He is the good Sheppard; He gives life for the sheep. (John 10:11, King James Version) Jesus’ mission to the world is to seek and save that which is lost. The whole reason he left Heaven and came to this earth and was crucified was so that we could be saved by His blood. We know what his mission was by reading His holy word, the Bible. John 3:16 says: For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son; that whosoever believeth on Him should not perish but have everlasting life. So, in conclusion, let me say that this Jesus that I am describing is the reason for living and without Him, life would not be worth anything. I love Him so much. But, most of all, He loves me.

Neolithic Art and Architecture Paper Essay Example for Free

Neolithic Art and Architecture Paper Essay During the â€Å"New† Stone Age, also known as the Neolithic Period, art and life in general began to change drastically for humans. Many new onsets began to bloom, for example humans of this time period had begun to live in single locations versus before they were nomadic hunter-gatherers. This new life introduced new challenges and new opportunities. Within this paper I will discuss three Neolithic Locations, Jericho, Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k, and Stonehenge. Also, what made each of these sites significant, what new forms of buildings were present at each, and what is still perplexing modern day historians and archaeologists about these sites. I will start with the oldest of the three locations from above, Jericho. Jericho is a city of Palestine, but has been under the occupation of many. Its most important fact is that it is one of the oldest known permanently occupied cities in the world, occupied during the Natufian era (10,800 – 8,500 BCE) to present day. It was primarily occupied during a time known as the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Period (PPN: 8,500 – 6,000 BCE), which is further broken down into two more time frames called PPNA (8,500 7,300 BCE) and PPNB (7,300 – 6,000 BCE). Along with being one of the oldest known cities, Jericho shows us that humans of the Neolithic Period had begun to create permanent structures for living. After the domestication of plants and animals it is believed that Jericho was chosen to be a permanent settlement because it was a plateau of the Jordan River valley with a spring that supplied a constant source for water. During the PPNA, oval homes made from mud bricks with roofs made from wooden branches covered in earth began to appear at Jericho. Around 7,500 BCE, a rock-cut ditch and thick walls approximately 5 feet wide surrounded the city. Within the wall there is a single circular tower (fig. 1), approximately 30 feet high and almost 33 feet in diameter. These walls and towers mark the beginning of monumental architecture. Later, during the PPNB era the architects of Jericho began building the homes with rectangular  mud bricks and a plaster-like mud mortar, these houses were made into rectangular shapes due to the rectangular bricks. During this time we can also find evidence of new forms of art, plastered human skulls. It is believed these heads may have been used for a cult or religion of some sort. The heads were formed around a human skulls with the plaster-like mud mortar and then shells were placed in the eyes, and traces of paint were also found to shown a resemblance of skin and hair (fig 2). Next, let’s discuss another major settlement of the Neolithic Period that was formed between 7,000 and 5,000 BCE, Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k. This site is important because it is possible to retrace human evolution of the Neolithic culture over the period of approximately 800 years. The people of Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k were Neolithic weapon and toolmakers, especially in the use of obsidian. More importantly though was the village itself, it’s architecture and the art that thrived within. Most important about its architecture is that adjoining buildings, meaning it had no streets, formed this village. In July of 2012, Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k was inscribed as a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site. There are two types of buildings that were constructed within Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k, houses and shrines. The houses were made of mud bricks that were strengthened by timber frames. These homes contained no doors, but openings at the top that served as an entrance and a chimney. The interiors were plastered and painted; with platform shelving that was used as sites for sleeping, eating, and working (fig. 3). The dead of Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k were buried right under platforms of the homes. Although the houses of Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k were decorated on the inside there were other buildings slightly larger that contained more decoration, ornate murals, animal heads, paintings and figurines, are the shrines. These buildings still intrigue archaeologists today, as we do not know their true purpose. Along with the architecture of Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k, you see the beginning of narrative paintings. Although people had begun to raise animals of their own, hunting still played a major part in human life. This is shown in wall painting from Level III of Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k (fig. 4). Also at Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k, we find what now referred to as the first map, or the first landscape painting (fig. 5). This landscape painting remained unique for thousands of years, and with carbon dating this painting was executed in or around 6,150 BCE. In addition to painting, at Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k we find sculpture, weaving, pottery  and even techniques of smelting lead. Now let us move on to the most intriguing and puzzling place of these three Neolithic sites, Stonehenge. Stonehenge is a formation of rocks as high as 17 feet and weighing as much as 50 tons. Because these stones are so large historians have called them megaliths, meaning great stones. Stonehenge exists on the Salisbury Plain of southern England. Stonehenge itself is a megalithic monument constructed over the course of several years, in several phases. Stonehenge Phase 1, known as the earthwork monument. The first phase of Stonehenge was begun around 2,950 to 2,900 BCE. During phase one Stonehenge consisted of four sections and two entrances (fig. 6). The four sections are as follows from outside to inside: the Outer bank, the Ditch, the Circular bank, and the Aubrey Holes. The ditch, which is enclosed by two earthen banks, has the same center as the 56 Aubrey Holes inside it, therefore telling historians they came from the same time period. The second phase of Stonehenge is one that still perplexes historians, but the best evidence we have tells us it occurred sometime between 2,900 BCE and 2,550 to 2,400 BCE. During this time of its construction all evidence shows us that Stonehenge was more than likely being used as a cremation site. This phase it is known as the timber monument. All across the in circle of Stonehenge and around both entrance excavations have revealed post-holes which indicate that at this stage in Stonehenge’s construction it was made from timber and not the megalithic stones that now stand. These post-hole sites are divided into three distinct locations, the northeastern entrance, the southern entrance and the confused central pattern. The patterns displayed in the confused central pattern raise many concerns for historians and this is something that still raises questions for them, as it is unknown exactly how big the structures were or how they looked at this time. The third and final phase of Stonehenge is known as the stone monument. This is when what we see today was added to this monument. There are two types of megalithic stones found at Stonehenge, the bluestones and the sarsen stones. The final stage took the form concentric post-and-lintel circles. There are four circles and two horseshoes that were formed in the final stage of Stonehenge. The first two circles formed inside of Stonehenge’s Circular bank are referred to as the Rings of Y and Z Holes. These holes show evidence that Stonehenge may have never been completed, as holes were dug prior to placing stones inside the  monument. Inside of these two circles was a large circle formed out of sarsen stone lintels, then followed by a circle of bluestones. Inside of the two stone circle were the horseshoes, one made of sarsen stones and another inside of that made out of bluestones, with a single stone called the Altar Stone in the center of the bluestone horseshoe (fig. 7). Along the Circular bank four more stones appear, known as the Station Stones. Only two of the four stones still remain, but when you run a line between each of stones it forms a rectangle whose center pinpoints the exact center of the monument. From the center of the monument traveling out toward the northeast entrance you see the last two megaliths of Stonehenge, the Slaughter Stone and the Heel Stone. The Heel stone aligns with the center of Stonehenge at the midsummer solstice, thus giving historians the belief that Stonehenge was used a Calendar. The true use of Stonehenge may never be known, as evidence has also proven that Stonehenge might have been used as an observatory of astronomical aspects. Of these three sites we have learned a lot about our past. We have discovered many forms of artwork, and architectural changes to the human culture. But what we know of these sites is still growing. What will the future hold for us? While we continue to excavate and research these sites, will we find that the humans of Neolithic times were smarter or as smart than we are today? Are there any more new architectural discoveries to be found at these sites? Will we find more art that change the way we look at Art History? These three locations are a vast pile of knowledge still waiting to be discovered and hopefully it will not take us as long to discover the knowledge as it took the ancients to create the locations. Figure 1, Great Stone Tower, Jericho. Reproduced from smarthistory, http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/jericho.html. Figure 2, Plastered Skulls from Yiftahel. Reproduced from smarthistory, http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/jericho.html. Figure 3, On-site restoration of a typical interior, Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k, 2005. Reproduced from Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catal_H%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Restauration_B.JPG. Figure 4, Deer Hunt, 5750 BCE. Level III, Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k, Turkey. Museum of Anatolian Civilization, Ankara. Reproduced from Fred S. Kleiner, Gardner’s Art Through the Ages, A Global History (Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2011), 26. Figure 5, Landscape with volcanic eruption, 6150 BCE. Level III, Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k, Turkey. Museum of Anatolian Civilization, Ankara. Reproduced from Fred S. Kleiner, Gardner’s Art Through the Ages, A Global History (Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2011), 27. Figure 6, Stonehenge: Phase 1. Reproduced from David Souden, Stonehenge Revealed (New York, NY: Facts on File Inc., 1997), 31. Figure 7, Stonehenge: Phase 3, inner circles. Reproduced from David Souden, Stonehenge Revealed (New York, NY: Facts on File Inc., 1997), 39. Bibliography German, Senta. Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k. http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/catal-hoyuk.html (accessed 12 January 2013). German, Senta. Jericho. http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/jericho.html. (accessed 12 January 2013). German, Senta. Stonehenge, Salibury Plain, England. http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/catal-hoyuk.html. (accessed 12 January 2013). Hirst, K. Kris. â€Å"The Archaeology of the Ancient City of Jericho,† Jericho (Palestine). http://archaeology.about.com/od/jterms/qt/jericho.htm. (accessed 12 January 2013) Kleiner, Fred S. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages, A Global History (Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2011. Souden, David. Stonehenge Revealed. New York, NY: Facts on File Inc., 1997. Wikipedia. Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk. (accessed 12 January 2013). Wikipedia, Jericho. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic. (accessed 12 January 2013). Wikipedia, Stonehenge. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge. (accessed 12 January 2013). Wikipedia, UNESCO. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO. (accessed 12 January 2013). Wikipedia, World Heritage Site. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site. (accessed 12 January 2013).

Natural Resources In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay

Natural Resources In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay The oil rich Nigerian economy, long limping by political unstability, corruption, and poor macroeconomic performance management, is undergo sufficiently substantial economic reform under the new civilian administration. Nigerias former military rulers failed to diversifying the economy away from overdependence on the capital intensive oil sector, which provides 20% of GDP, 95% of foreign exchange earnings, and about 65% of budgetary revenues in the country. The large subsistence agricultural sector have failed to keeping up with rapid population growth, and Nigeria, once a large net exporter of food, now must import food to support their satisfy needs. Following the signing of an IMF stand by agreement in August 2000, Nigeria received a debt restructuring deal from the Paris Club and a $1 billion loan from the IMF, both contingent on economic reforms. Increases in foreign investment and oil production combined with high world oil prices should push growth over 4% in 2001 and 2002. GDP: purchasing power parity $117 billion (2000 est.) GDP real growth rate: 3.5% (2000 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity $950 (2000 est.) GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 40% industry: 40% services: 20% (1999 est.) Population below poverty line: 45% (2000 est.) Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.6% highest 10%: 40.8% (1996 and 1997) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.5% (2000 est.) Labor force: 66 million (1999 est.) Labor force by occupation: agriculture 70%, industry 10%, services 20% (1999 est.) Unemployment rate: 28% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues: $3.4 billion expenditures: $3.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.) Industries that implemented in Nigeria: crude oil, coal, tin, columbite, palm oil, peanuts, cotton, rubber, wood, hides and skins, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, steel Industrial production growth rate: 1.5% (2000 est.) Electricity for production: 18.7 billion kWh (1999) Electricity for the production by source: fossil fuel: 52.94% hydro: 47.06% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (1999) Consumption of Electricity : 17.372 billion kWh (1999) Export of Electricity: 19 million kWh (1999) Electricity imports: 0 kWh (1999) Products of Agriculture: cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava (tapioca), yams, rubber; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; timber; fish Exports: $22.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) Exports commodities: petroleum and petroleum products 95%, cocoa, rubber Exports partners: US 36%, India 9%, Spain 8%, Brazil 6%, France 6%, (1999) Imports: $10.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) Imports commodities: machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured goods, food and live animals Imports partners: UK 11%, Germany 10%, US 9%, France 8%, China 6% (1999) Debt external: $32 billion (2000 est.) Economic aid recipient: ODA $250 million (1998) Currency: naira (NGN) Currency code: NGN Exchange rates: nairas per US dollar 110.005 (January 2001), 101.697 (2000), 92.338 (1999), 21.886 (1998), 21.886 (1997), 21.884 (1996) AGRICULTURE Currently, several activities are become implemented by the Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development In Nigeria with in under planning of water supply, sustainable food production, and rural development. These include several plans : Formulation of the Irrigation Policy for Nigeria, its Formal irrigation started in Nigeria 21 years ago. However, a National policy on irrigation have not been produced again. This situation was become corrected by the preparation of an irrigation policy for the Nigeria country Surface and Groundwater Monitoring Under the National Fatima Development Programme: The main objective is to monitor and analyses the effect of groundwater exploitation for irrigation on flood plains in the semi-arid areas of the country in order to design effective and sustainable exploitation regimes for the various aquifers encountered. Work started in five pilot States in 1995 and is scheduled to be completed by September, 1997.This planning will also seek to ascertain the pollution potentials of the saturated groundwater zone due to the irrigation activities in the project area. The study, which will ultimately assist in the design of the groundwater exploitation plan for the project area is expected to be completed by the end of 1998. Survey and Inventory of Irrigation Projects in Nigeria: The aim is to obtain up to date information on irrigation development in Nigeria. It involves the collection, collation, compilation, and classification of irrigation projects in the country. The Government Of Nigeria, through the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources has embarked on a number of programmes aimed at promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development. The programmes and their associated activities are: 1. Agricultural Land Resource Programme: The objectives of this programme are to select suitable lands for the production of specific that can increase crops through soil survey and land evaluation. 2. National Seed Service (NSS) Programme: The objective of this programme is to produce high quality crops for Nigerian farmers within a commercial environment of sound certification and quality control and to sell high output quality seeds and seedlings of selected arable tree crops, namely oil palm, rubber, cotton, groundnut, soybeans, gum arabic, etc. Over 2,460 kg of foundation seeds have been produced by the project for Research Institutes and out growers respectively. 3. Agricultural Finance Programmes: This is another programme whose objective is to provide loans and credits to small scale farmers. This is done through some agricultural oriented financial institutions such as the Nigerian Agricultural Co-operative Bank (NACB), the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme (ACGS), and the Farmers Credit Scheme (FCS). Farmers have been supported financially through this programme for the purpose of increasing crop production. 4. Establishment of the Federal Agricultural Coordinating Unit (FACU): This Unit is primarily responsible for the provision of planning and implementation support to the activities of the ADP in the country. 5. The National Agricultural Research Project (NARP): This Planning was set up to strengthen the countrys agricultural research system and ensure availability of food through adequate domestic production in the country. Within the network of Agricultural Research Institutions, five handle food crops, three are for livestock; one (NSPRI) completes research on storage of agricultural and food products; while three handle mechanization research including the design, fabrication, and servicing of food processing machines. The impact of the NARP in boosting food production has not been sufficiently realized perhaps due to lack of adequate support and ineffective programme coordination. With recent reorganization and assured funding, NARP is expected to increase food production during the next decade. 6. The Strategic Reserve Scheme: At its second inception, the objective of this Scheme is to undertake the storage of excess grains during the harvest for release when prices are high in the market. This stabilizes the price and makes grains available all year round. 7. Establishment of the National Agricultural Land Development Authority (NALDA): The Governments main objective in establishing NALDA is to transform rural peasantry by mobilizing human resources and other support services to open up new lands for increased food production. The Authority has embarked on some activities (bush clearing, land preparation, farm infrastructure development, soil conservation and environmental issues, soil survey, evaluation, soil testing and capacity) to provide baseline data for agricultural related activities and advisory services to agricultural land users. The NALDA 1997 work plan proposes to open up more enclave farming communities during the operating season and will focus on land development in cooperation with the Agricultural Land Resource, Forestry, Department of Agriculture, and Agricultural Cooperative. FRESH WATER Nigeria have given high priority to its freshwater resources due to the growing concern at the increasing stress on water supplies caused by poor use patterns, affecting both water quality and quantity. Futher more, the Government through the Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development, in Nigeria was undertaking a number of planning designed to protect the quality and supply of freshwater resources in the country to avoid some pollution.   In these cases, The low lying, flood prone areas near rivers that become of water resources and streams and in inland areas also will be attention from the Ministry. The twin problems of soil erosion and flood control are addressed through the Department of Soil Erosion and Flood Control. The agency was created in 1991 to oversee the mitigate these problems and the improvement area of devastated lands. The Federal Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development responsibility to handles inland erosion and flooding, and the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing is responsible for marine flood control and erosion problems. Legislation and Regulations   For the the Integrated Water Resources Development and Management programme area, the Ministry has prepared the Water Resources Decree 101 of 1993 to give the legal framework for the development of the water resources in the country of Nigeria. The Decree places ultimate to responsibility for the proper development of the water resources on the Ministry of Water Resources and Rural Development in the country. Strategies, Policies and Plans  Ã‚   To the Integrated Water Resources Development and Management planning area, the government of Nigeria have prepared the Nations Water Resources Master Plan for the 1995-2020 period which was completed with the technical assistance of the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) between 1992 and 1995 for the development in Nations water resources. If we can see in the past, the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation sub sector was totally not coordinated. At the same time, various methods and equipment were used with little or no thought given to the sustainability of the systems nor the ability of the benefit communities to operate and maintain them overall. The Strategy and Action Plan direction standards for the methods and equipment to be used to action. Policy of national water supply is completed and approved at the National Council on Water Resources and Rural Development meeting at Kaduna in November 1995 discuss about the sustainability of water. It provides the guidelines and direction towards development for water supply development up to the year 2015 become reality. One of the main problems is Flooding in one form or other affects at least more than 20% of the nations population, its faced both urban residents and rural dwellers. Flooding is a threat to physical infrastructures in the area, including residential accommodation, commercial, and industrial properties, roads, rail lines, bridges and so on. It also believed destroys all farmlands in Nigeria, including standing crops that is important for the farmer. Losses due to flooding run into billions of Naira per year and cost to improve its always increasingly. The future plans of Nigeria to achieve effective management of urban, river, and coastal flooding include a) Enforce compliance with town planning,urban laws,edicts b) Build embankments and levies along rivers and coastlines prone to flooding. c) Establish a rainstorm early warning system its can be remainder to community. d) Establish and monitor weather stations, and river and tidal gauges. e) Ensure appropriate management and maintenance of dams. f) Ensure proper maintenance of existing drainage channels. g) Enforce environmental sanitation laws in Nigeria. Other invasive weeds mostly can give effect to waterways. Currently hamper normal economic activities in reverie areas where the spread of the weeds have been exist and can block waterways. They also impend free river communication on waterways, and above all, the spread of the weed obstructs fishing activities and destroyed water quality. Nigerias future plans and strategy to eliminate the water hyacinth that can give pollution and other invasive plants in all water systems is to: a) Inventory the spread of water hyacinth and other invasive weeds in all the river systems; b) Develop an infestation index map to determine control options; e) adopt an appropriate integrated control option to ensure that the weeds are no longer a menace; and f) encourage sub-regional cooperation. Approval is pending for the study of the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources with Particular Reference to Flood Susceptible and Drought Prone Areas. This project has been submitted to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for their participation. GEMS or Water Nigeria is a important component of the Global Environmental Monitoring System with the overall objective of monitoring the quality of freshwater supply throughout in Nigeria. The programme is support by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO). It can be monitors some water parameters and provides information on the suitability usage of water for human routine consumption, agricultural, commercial in business, and industrial uses. Several of the activities under the planning focus on a) Strengthening National water quality monitoring in Nigeria; b) Improve analytical capabilities and data quality assured; c) Addressing critical freshwater quality issues in order to propose policy options and control measures for the development and d) Assisting participating laboratories by the provision of technical advice, analytical reference samples, and training opportunities. The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) is coordinating the programme within the country. Participating several agencies include the National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research (NIFFR), New Busa and the National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), Kaduna. A network of stations on rivers, lakes, and reservoirs has been established with instrumentation for the purpose of collecting samples for analysis and development in treatment water quality. FORESTS In term of natural resources in forests, Effective mechanisms are being developed to harmonize cross sectoral policies related to forestry for example the famous forestry is, environment, agriculture, livestock, fishery and so on. Presently, the National Forest Policy is being reviewed under the aegis of the recently created Ministry of Environment. The Federal Department of Agricultural Land Resources (FDALR) is currently, on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD), articulating Agricultural Land Use and Practices Policy for the improvement in the country for development areas in Nigeria. Legislation and Regulations   There is no Land Use Policy in the country. There is however, a Land Use Act. States are being encourage to derive their legislation from the national framework made by government. A national forest and wildlife law is being developed and implemented with the involvement of all stakeholders in the country. There is have no forest certification practice in the country. However, we can see that public involvement on forest certification is being articulation in the proposed revised policy which will encourage private sector and NGO participation in the public involvement. It is become proposed that a National Working Group (NWG) on Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) and certification be set up to finalize the criteria or indicators for development Sustainable Forest Management in the country. The activities that implemented promote the use of forest products in place of products made of non renewable materials: Impose low tariff on wood products Impose for the Reasonable pricing of wood products Must Under valuation of forest products Impose High cost of non-renewable materials especially energy Value system and traditional beliefs preference in taste for food or delicacy prepared with fuelwood. Strategies, Policies and Plans  Ã‚   Nigeria started implemented the National Forestry Action Plan (NFAP) in around 1990 with the assistance joint of FAO and a grant of US $690,000 from UNDP. At the same time, to ensure the greatest commitment and supporting at the highest and at all levels of Government in Nigeria, the National Advisory Council that assisted by a National Technical Committee, was become inaugurate generally in 1994. The project was concluded in 1995 and the final NFAP report has been submitted. The next stage is to use the report to canvass for international funding from donors to implement the action plans made by government. The annual rate of deforestation in Nigeria is of major concern and a viable option to mitigating this is through implementation and made enforcement of sound Forest Policy in Nigeria. Towards achieve this objective , the country is in the process of review her 1988 Forest Policy. Also being prepared is Environmental Guidelines on Logging and Fuelwood Extraction in Nigeria. It is hoped that when these two instruments are enforced Nigeria would achieve attain sustainable development in economic and utilization of her natural forest resources. A workshop in agricultural land use and become practices have been conducted and proceedings printed to implementation. Sectoral meetings have been held to articulate and review key areas to be addressed in the policy that implemented. This area are now become subjected to further deliberations with a view to synthesizing the issues that can form the main instrument of the policy. Its will be later reviewed by the Legal Unit before as a whole package is developed for further deliberation and enactment by the National Assembly to become process. As Presently, the country have different policies within sub sectors of agriculture and the environment involved in land use in Nigeria. There is need for integrated planning and management of all rural development programmes there. This will be reduce conflicts and guarantee better resources use. At the same time, some international organizations include the FAO, World Bank (IMF) , UNDP, ADB, DFID (ODA), Ford Foundation, for example, strategies have been formulated and developed for effective and efficient in sustainable management of a number of forest reserves in Nigeria. In recognition of the changing strategy for natural resources management, the national forest and wildlife policy is become reviewed to make its implementation more efficient and to be better respond to emerging issues in forest sustainability development in the area. The review also towards supporting, the productivity of small holder farmers and to improve access to credit and other inputs that needs. The strategy to achieve the target of 25% of the land area as forest is to: Impose to Ban the export of log wood until the 25% reserve forest cover is achieved; Provide a policy and institutional framework favorable for private investment in trees and forest resource management; Effort to Increasing community participation in forest management and utilization in the country. Establish sum of total of 15 million ha of plantation for various purposes such as shelterbelts, watershed conservation, forest fruit trees, Gum Arabic. Promote agro forestry with multi purpose tree species to diversify farm produce and improve the soil environment; Encourage private sector industrial plantations especially in already degraded forest estates; Adoption protection forestry development strategies which includes shelterbelt establishment, afforestation of eroded sites, stabilization of sand dunes. Promote community woodlots which could include forest fruit trees as whole and fuel wood plantations Improve efficiency of the use of fuel wood Manufacture affordable bio-mass stoves; Developed alternative sources of energy such as solar energy for good environment Effort to support research into conservation and improvement of soil, genetic resources, silviculture, utilization of forest products, agro forestry, wildlife, and afforestation of difficult sites To Support human resources development in the country. It is proved that Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) contributed development substantially to the rural economy and hence strategies are being developed for the achievement of high potential NTFPs in each ecological area of the country. Its no compensate is provided for forest owners who market environmental benefits to the society generally. Incentives will be given to provided to enable them to manage their forest more better and sustainably, at the same time to facilitating their access for the improved tree seeds in their communities. LAND The policy objectives that implemented and mandate of the Nigerian Department of Agricultural Land Resources, established in 1980, have been refocused since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) to cover sound planning and management of land resources consistent with the provisions of Agenda 21. This planning become more importance to manage resources of land correctly and efficient. Erosion is a continuous process. Once started, there is urgent need to stabilize all existing erosion sites to stem the rate of soil degradation and loss of lands, forest resources, and property. In addition, there is a need to restore all those badlands and gullies that are amenable to restoration. The Nigerian strategy is to overcome this problems is a) Prepare and implemented a comprehensive National policy on soil, coastal erosion, and flood control in the country b) Formulate and to enforcing regulations for soil and water conservation especially in erosion prone areas that identify. c) Try to Complete National watershed delineation and characterization for use as a basic for developing and implemented an aggressive management and enforcement programme to protect and maintain the quality of the nations area lands, water, and coastal resources in all areas in Nigeria. d) Prepare a intermittent master plan for the importance management of soil and coastline erosion and flood, and giving advise the Federal Government on the financial requirements for plan implementation. e) Complete possibility and scientific studies on soil erosion and its related flood problems for the design of appropriate integrated recovery control measures. f) Complete public awareness campaigns on the dangers of environmental degradation arising from poor land and water management practices. g) Provide and promote training on environmental issues as they relate to flood, erosion, land degradation, and water conservation. h) Promote integrated ecosystem management for agriculture, land use, soil and water conservation, rural development, and coastal resources management including environmentally sound recreational use. i) Consolidate National capacity by personnel development, provision of training facilities and research on prevention climate related ecological problems in ecosystem. j) Consolidate capacity of the Environmental Management Support System (EMSS) for remote sensing data gathering, GIS facilities, and development of a disaster/environmental data bank. k) Effort to Support agro forestry and integrated coastal zone management. l) Encourage planted fallow in abandoned farmlands using soil enriching species. Its associated activities are a source of considerable environmental damage to surface water, groundwater, and land. Health and safety risks are also considerable for people working in mines or living close by. The resulting deterioration of the environment and human health, are seen in existing mining wastelands all over the country, especially in the Middle Belt States, including Plateau, Bauchi, Niger, as well as Borno, Yobe, Adamawa, and Enugu. The degradation of the natural environment has a negative effect on the long term growth potential of the country, even though immediate economic benefits are being derived by individual enterprises. It is important, therefore, that all approvals to initiate mining should be carried out in an environmentally sound manner, so as to minimize negative impacts. In addition, all abandoned and closed mining sites should be reclaimed. The strategy to achieve this involves: a) Developing an inventory of all existing and closed mining sites; b) Enforcing compliance regulation with all National Mining Laws and Regulations, especially the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Law, the Safety Code and Accident Prevention Regulations that must be implemented c) Enforcing mining wasteland reclamation measures for closed mining sites. d) Providing financial incentives to helps and encourage the reclamation of abandoned mining sites. e) Encourage public participation in community through dialogue with affected communities and other directly interested parties on the environmental aspects of different phases of mining activities in the country. f) Adopting environmental sound mining technology and practices in all phases of mining activities, especially appropriate technologies to reduced environmental impacts, including those from small scale mining operations in the area. g) Building capacity in environmental management in the mining industry. Soils in Nigeria are variable due to variations in the geology and climate. Most predominant in the country are the utisols which cover about 46% of the total area of the country in Nigeria. Such soil performs very well under good planning and management though it is of moderate to low productivity in income of production. When we analysis Only 6% of the country is covered by entisol, the high productive soil in the all areas. Nigeria have been category into eight Land Resource Zones, namely semi arid, dry sub humid, subhumid, humid, very humid, ultra humid, plateau, and mountain zones. Among them if we can see, if not all of this ecological fields have witnessed pressure resulting from uncontrolled in socioeconomic activities leaving a large proportion of the land parched in Nigeria . From perspective ecological and economic standpoints, soil erosion is probably the most serious give environmental problem and its can be affecting negative effect on the nations soil and land resources in Nigeria.

Happiness is a State of Mind :: Happiness Essays

Happiness is a state of mind. The dictionary definition is "feelings of joy and pleasure mingled together†. A feeling of happiness is more than just an experience of joy or pleasure. It is a state of mind where the individual feels that â€Å"life is good†. As Aristotle says, â€Å"happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence.† I believe that everyone wants to be happy in life. One is abnormal if he prefers to be sad and alone. Happiness is something that must be practice according to John Lubbock. Well, I guess he’s right. I know happiness will come deep within us if only we set our minds on it. How could I promote happiness? Of course by beginning with myself. The saying, â€Å"10 percent is what happens to us and 90 percent is how we react with it† is one of my favorite. I may not be able to control what will happen to me, but surely, I always have the power over my emotions. In every circumstance, whether it may be good or bad, I must always keep those smiles plastered in my face. I must be thankful to God in whatever things happen for I know He’s always in control of everything. Another thing to do is for me to know my purpose in life. Since I already knew it, and I already realized what I really wanted in life, it is important for me to have a lot of faith in God and have self-confidence inside. Next is for me to, share God’s love to other people†¦ it may be through serving others. The feeling of making other people happy is something that I would never trade. Enjoying the company of my love ones also would bring happiness to me. If I would make a way to get even closer to my family and friends†¦ I bet that would be a sure source of happiness. Mark Twain believes that whoever is happy will make others happy, too. So if I wanted to promote happiness to others, I must have that happiness first. I could promote happiness to others by means of always smiling to them.

Art as an Academic Discipline Essay -- art, artistic, creativity, lamen

Question 1. a. What do you think art is? What is art? Art is that which is pleasing to the senses or of more than significant importance (Cothren & Stokstad, 2011, p. xxvii). It is also said that art is an opinion (South University Online, 2014). Anybody can have their own opinion of a piece of art, but very few people can actually judge art. Of course, everyone still has their own opinion. A mother will see her one-year-olds painting and see a work of art. A true work of art invokes a need to understand what the artist was saying or feeling at that specific time. Art captures time and the human experience (South University Online, 2014). It could be a wedding portrait that brings tears to a wife's eyes, or it could be the red blanket in a bedroom (South University Online, 2014). Art is a perception of beauty of form and color and location. The definition of art is as follows: "the quality, production, expression , or realm, according to aesthetic principles, of what is beautiful, appealing, or of more than ordina ry significance" (Dictionary.com, 2014). Art evokes emotion, it can be uplifting or depressing. Man has always had a need to express himself, to say what he cannot speak. b. Why do you think it is important to study art as an academic discipline? There must be discipline in life, or nothing would ever get done. Academic discipline teaches organization and follow-through to be successful. Art seems so unimportant to success in the real world, but this is not true. I did not realize that there were so many aspects involved in judging a work of art. There are parts you see immediately, like bright colors, or an interesting subject, or maybe a rough texture. They focus your attention on a specific... ... History, Volume 2, 4th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Learning Solutions. Dictionary.com. (2014). Art. In Dictionary.com. Retrieved January 11, 2014, from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/art. Masakim. (2003, September 25). Re: "The devil is in the details". In The Phrase Finder. Retrieved January 11, 2014, from http://www.phrases.org.uk/bulletin_board/24/messages/694.html. South University Online. (2014). HUM1002: History of Art from Middle Ages to Modern Times: Week 1: Art as an Academic Discipline. Retrieved from http://myeclassonline.com South University Online. (2014). HUM1002: History of Art from Middle Ages to Modern Times: Week 1: The Art Historian. Retrieved from http://myeclassonline.com South University Online. (2014). HUM1002: History of Art from Middle Ages to Modern Times: Week 1: Warm Color. Retrieved from http://myeclassonline.com

A Study of Reading Habits :: essays papers

A Study of Reading Habits "A Study of Reading Habits," is Philip Larkin’s poetic warning that escapism and ignoring reality only makes real life less fulfilling. Larkin develops this idea via a narrator who prefers to escape from life rather than deal with it, as well as through changing use of language and subtle irony. Larkin’s most direct expression of his warning comes through the narrator’s experience with escapism through books. The narrator reveals his changing attitudes toward books in three stanzas, representing three stages in his life: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. As a child, reading as an escape enabled the narrator to feel better about "most things short of school" (line 2). As an adolescent, books continued to be a form of escape for him, this time for his unfulfilled sexual desires. However, as an adult "now," the narrator embodies Larkin's warning. He is bitter and resentful that life is less glamorous than books, now only able to relate to the secondary, less important characters. The method he once used to escape now makes reality painfully obvious. The idealized reality that the narrator dreams of at each point in his life is reflected in the author’s language use. The description of childhood escape contains clichà ©s found in children’s adventure books, such as "keep cool," "the old right hook," and "dirty dogs." As an adolescent, the descriptions are more mysterious and sexual, including references to Dracula and to rape. The descriptions as an adult are the most casual and slangy, suggesting a decline in the narrator’s intellect, the result of complete indifference. At this point he sees reality for all that it is, and finds this unfulfilling compared to his earlier idealizations. The author drives this point home with a number of ironies throughout the poem. The title suggests a formal paper; quite the opposite of the colloquial language Larkin uses. This symbolizes the motif that what appears to be good (formal), may in fact be bad (casual). Also, the narrator’s values decline as he gains knowledge, going from good to evil to indifference.

Face and Social Media Essay

#1: Product – not just another knock-off Competing only on price was not what XiaoMi has chosen as their core strategy. Surely, their phones and tablets are cheaper than Apple’s and Samsung’s but, by far, not the cheapest ones in the market. There are cheaper smartphones that flood China, however all of them have a major flow – poor quality. Essentially, those devices are reverse-engineered versions of Samsung models built from cheaper materials. By coming up with a good quality phone at lower price range was the key strategic move that put XiaoMi firmly on the map. The phone has a robust case, high quality screen and a reasonable battery. It doesn’t break easily, unlike cheaper copycats that start having issues after just a few months of use. By building it’s own Android-based OS called MIUI, XiaoMi phones got new exciting features not found on standard Android devices as well as plenty of customization options. #2: Price – pay less now, pay more later XiaoMi has also realized that selling cheaper phones near their actual cost was not a sustainable long term strategy, so they decided to go with the Amazon’s model – just cover the cost of the devices and make money from selling content. Although, XiaoMi is often compared to Apple, especially considering the fact that their founder, Lei Jun, resembles Steve Jobs in his style and charisma, it is clear that XiaoMi’s true inspiration comes from Amazon. Also, XiaoMi mostly sells online which further reduces cost of sales and overheads related to brick and mortar stores or dealing with distributors and retailers. XiaoMi has also managed to harness the power of social media by not only broadcasting their messages and announcements but by actively engaging with their customers. Engineers are routinely encouraged to speak directly to consumers and use gathered feedback to refine software. #3: Place – gain strength at home first Although there are rumors of XiaoMi’s inevitable coming to North American and European markets, the company seems to stay focused on China with 97% of the shipments locally. It has been mentioned that their next target will be in South East Asia and, most likely, other BRIC countries. Recently, ex-Google executive, Hugo Barra, who himself hails from Brazil, has become new XiaoMi’s international face. It seems that the company is not in a rush to  go to more developed markets dominated by Apple and Samsung and prefers staying focused in its home base where the market is still booming. Perhaps, potential IP related troubles stemming from frequent accusations of possible infringements, also play role in choosing to stay away from US and EU for now. #4: Promotion – the power of word of mouth OK, this one got to be my favorite so I have to break it down. First of all, early on, they have pioneered flash style sales which were done with little or no advertising. Flash sales basically mean selling limited quantities during limited periods. They always create anticipation and urgency – great factors to win consumers’ minds and hearts. Needless to say, the units were sold quickly and talked over a lot all over China’s vibrant social media. Word of mouth marketing worked very well for XiaoMi and they continue to take full advantage of it. #5: Promotion – active use of social media XiaoMi has also managed to harness the power of social media by not only broadcasting their messages and announcements but by actively engaging with their customers. Engineers are routinely encouraged to speak directly to consumers and use gathered feedback to refine software. #6: Promotion – dedicated brand advocates Through its active role in social media, XiaoMi has also succeeded in building a dedicated fan base. Those Mi-fans are very active in social media and are, in some ways, similar to those hardcore Apple advocates that we are all familiar with. Mi-fans are always present at XiaoMi’s product launches where they are known for loud cheering and applauding. #7: Promotion – CEO as the face of the brand Last but not least, XiaoMi’s charismatic boss, Lei Jun, does a great job in making his brand look cool and current. He has put a face to a brand, something that traditional executives in China wouldn’t feel comfortable doing. Lei Jen’s similarity to Steve Jobs in the ways he talks about the brand is not a coincidence – the late Apple’s founder still holds an almost iconic image among Chinese.

Child Development – Unit 1

Beginners Guide for New P bents A render of things to keep up Aw atomic snatch 18ness of barbarian shoaling From birth to braggart(a)hood s handrren ar every in all get bying. They bankrupt at distinguishable grade that all follow the alike basic manikin. Physical festering starts from the head, and whole shebang d make the body to the arms and in conclusion the legs. Communication develops from watch rallying crying to recogniz sufficient quarrel and then intelligent conversation. Emotionally pip-squeakren argon reliant on their radical health professional until they develop an advisedness of themselves and atomic number 18 adequate to(p) to socialize and function independently.These various strands of victimization ar non made in isolation or sequentially. rebelment is coincidental and holistic, at that presentfore any deficiency in ane argona quarter imply the festering in an nearly new(prenominal)(prenominal) atomic number 18as. - flesh of minor festering Physical development 1. 1 a Infant0 12 months A refreshedborn baby lies curled up in the fetal military position, unable to raise head. Movements are instinctive such as reactions to die or closing eyes in bright light. 3 months female genitals binge head to saying at object lenss. 6 months electric s prolongr begins to hold open up head, memory it steady for increased periods.Learns to grasp and hold objects, then dissembles them from one hand to the new(prenominal) at solutioning. Next so-and-so split body to a sitting position and adhere upright when aided. 9 months is able to sit unaided. Releases toys by dropping. Uses nestling tomentum cerebrigrip to pick up items. Holds feeding bottle. 12 months as the baby gains more(prenominal) than than(prenominal) body control it advise roll and crawl. other(a) old age1 3 long clip The rough-cut get skills are developed as the squirt starts to stand with support. This progresses to standing alone for a couple of seconds. give notice travel holding one hand for support. empennage travel unaided, run and jump as she develops adept control of her limbs.Finer labor skills are developed such as the pincer grip to pick up humiliated objects. Is able to hold a smooch to feed themselves. Learns to hold a wax crayon to scribble and then give-up the ghost shapes with. dialog rise in sentences, bear nice to be understood. baby birdhood4 7 age Learns to take in independently using a stab and fork. Motor skills are developed to the period of judgment of conviction where a child r forth away walk backwards. They washbasin in a flash walk placing list to toe and balance themselves on a narrow beam. Manual dexterity now allows them to catch a testicle, do structures, and draw shapes. Dress and undress with assistance, then alone. demand turns in ladder with friends and revivifys cooperatively. Could be shake up of things like s piders and ghosts. Knows their left from right and how more fingers they make up. Puberty8 12 years Hormonal changes are responsible for a growth work at this prison term. Gain muscles, further go off lull appear to lack coordination. Develop large and fine motor skills for social function in sports and hobbies. Activity increases and whitethorn pauperism to spend more fourth dimension with coadjutors instead than parents. Noticeable body changes take place, girls develop breasts and sons voices change. The growth of underarm and pubic hair is normal at this time.Another index of this ramification is the development of Acne. Pre teens begin to tick off the opposite sex, yet prefer to take with their hold gender. Adolescence13 16 years Their own identity emerges in musical experiment and clothes. Teenagers frequently develop close friendships with their peers. argon often concerned nigh how they look and what others think of them. Physical changes continu e as puberty is ongoing or completed. Children engender more independent but salve look to advice and guidance from parents. Teens are certain of the opposite sex and whitethorn be going out with them.Preoccupied by their own versedityConflict and a lowered panorama of parents emerge as teenager tries to mature. youthfulness Adult17 19 years More whitewash turned on(p)ly. Not so concerned intimately body once puberty ends. Develops clear sexual identity. By the end of this stage two girls and boys pass on urinate r to each o fatality animal(prenominal) due date. Communication and intellectual development 1. 1 b Infant0 12 months A newborn baby cries as their only doer of communication. As young babies confound no judgment of time, to them all prosecutes are urgent, and should be responded to as such.Begins to formulate concepts and is aware of the physical sensation of hunger. depart cry in order to befuddle the need for food met. Develops antithetica l cries for a revolution of require, ever-changing, hurting, frightened or lonely. Once they run into their voice they testament make cooing hoo-hahs and other sounds. Begins to take an interest in their surroundings, give attention to toys. Uses voice to communicate odorings, with laughter when playing and screaming when annoyed. Can take in long-familiar objects and has an expectation of what they entrust do. Chatters out-of-door tune safey and accustoms voice to attract attention.Watches the actions of those almost them with interest. Early years1 3 years leave substructure break 2 or 3 linguistic communication that leave behind be retell constantly. adequate to make the appropriate resolution to naive instructions. Goes with a rill and error process to disc everyplace what an object does. Can verbally communicate what they need. Is exploitation an inquiring mind around things and surroundings. Uses own personal jargoon with many words unintelligibl e to most tidy sum. Knows the names for distinct parts of their body. Often repeats the last word spoken by any self-aggrandising in earshot. Has a gro set aheadg verbiage of over 200 words and duologue to themselves continuously.Joins 2 or 3 words together to make a sentence. Can use their own name with lengthiness to themselves. Constantly asking questions, with infantile substitution, and can relate past events to the present. Childhood4 7 years Speech takes more confident as the substitutions decrease and full fluent wording is achieved. Can count up to xx using repetition. Ask for the meaning of un spot words. Questioning generally is at its height. Can draw a recognizable offer and detailed people. Has a sense of time and can relate to the past, present and future.Able to compose their own nameCan match colour and has an understanding of numbers. cross-file skills go forth be developing in this stage and the child energy write independently. Puberty8 12 years Speech has now developed fully. Reading and paternity skills are now creationness refined. Able to express thoughts and hold forth cultivation making use of language skills. Shares ideas and opinions with peer group. Speech style or jargon is master(prenominal) to fit in with their group. devote a fairly rigid concept of right and untimely. Adolescence13 16 years go forth confide more with their peers than their parents.Increased use of speech reduces the amount of acting out. set intimately a good idea of their favourite(a) sport and subjects and are well do in these areas. Fluctuates amid considerable maturity and babyness. Can appear secretive at lieu, talkative but not genuinely communicative. Has a stubborn un leave aloneingness to compromise. youngish Adult17 19 years Thinking more or less choices to be made regarding further upbringing or negociatefulnesser choice. Emerging aptitude to make independent decisions and able to compromise. Begin s to become more self-reliant. Conversation skills are well developed and uses prior ac drive inledgeledge gained. Social, worked up and behavioral development 1. 1 c Infant0 12 months Creates an fixing bond with nonplus. Smiles at mother and whitethorn squeal with delight. known routines elicit a positive response. Responds to contrasting tones from mother. May become shy in the company of strangers and cling to a familiar adult. Can imitate hand clapping. Understands simple commands and can wave goodbye. Will assemble with adult dressing them. Early years1 3 years Can demonstrate signs of shineion. Will participate in nursery rhymes. instanter should be able to divine service adult with dressing.Indicates when pants are soiled or wet. Becomes emotionally dependent on a familiar adult. Drinks from a cup with both hands. At the end of this stage go out gain control of bowels. May forward a tantrum when frustrated. Able to play co-operatively and whitethorn have imaginary friends. Tries visibly unassailable to please. Childhood4 7 years Child enjoys co-operative and dramatic play, taking turns. Understands the links between co-operation and argument. Can respond rationally to reasoning. Enjoys a degree of liberty but equable needs reassurance. Can become totally engrossed in activities.Can be concerned rough cosmos disliked. Fears develop about things under the bed or ghosts. Now able to form unswerving friendships. Fairly independent and confident. Puberty8 12 years They will develop a drive group of friends. Friendships become firm and more settled. They seek more independence in order to solve problems themselves. Need act praise and encouragement. Increasingly concerned about what others think about them. Will be unsure about changes in their setting. Adolescence13 16 years Body changes can confuse self-esteem of children and make them quite vulnerable.As their bodies take on adult characteristics they still regain childlike inside. Will feel mechanical press from growing up and changing expectations. Some become more cognizant by changes in their environment. Peer pressure is a significant influence on them. Children want to spend more time with their friends than family. Young Adult17 19 years As children enter adulthood they are still relatively in encounterd. The peer group losses importance and is replaced by a hardly a(prenominal)er close friends. Mature young adults will start to listen to their parents again, asking for advice. As a sense of identity emerges they are no longer horror-stricken to seek counseling.One on one geological dating becomes consequential. May embark on a more intimate relationship with someone. different aspects of development can uphold one another 1. 2 Football A child needs to be physically developed in order to play this hazard. They will use gross motor skills to run around and kick the ball. Hand-eye (feet-eye) coordination is too esse ntial as the player needs to be spatially aware of where they are in relation to other things. It is no good have strong legs and undischarged aim if you could not see where the ball was and make a connection. It is not a good mess hall fun playing this juicy in isolation.As a team game players need to have the social skills to touch the ball by taking it in turns. They have to understand the cooperation work out which is full of life in a competitive game. No one person can win a game on their own. This game consists of rules that are available off the pitch, these whitethorn be discussed orally or read by individuals. Professional teams are support and lively banter between children will have them routing for their side. With teeny instructions or intervention children can communicate with each other to organise themselves into teams and have a very good game. Language It is important that babies are spoken to regularly and unresolved to a variety of rich language. The more they are talked to the more responsive they will be. The more that they percolate, allows them to develop a big and more varied vocabulary. Research shows that at that place is a link between ahead of time language and literacy skills. Increased interpret and compose skills can be the foundation for simulatenish and social success in the future. - Influences that affect childrens development Background 2. 1 a Members of your family are the most important people in your childs life.This includes siblings, aunts and uncles, cousins or even neighbours and good friends. If all is well in their world the chances are that it will be the resembling for your child. but things do happen that can have an effect on your childs development and you may not build it. If a family outgrowth becomes ill or dies this can be an emotionally touch time not just for the adults abstruse, but also for the children who have formed an attachment to them. Some slight obvious in fluences may be the expected birth of a sibling the introduction of a new partner or having to move home or school.You should pay attention to any change in your childs behaviour and check if their learning is being affected. Is your culture the similar as the environment you are raising you child in? If not you should consider how these differences will affect your child. When English is not your starting line language it is helpful to your child if you encourage your child to develop this along side their mother tongue. It is important that children are able to speak, write and understand English so that they can have full access to the platform and make progress at the same rate as their peers. Children are known to be a very high-priced to raise and educate. Not all parents have the necessary funds to feed and cloth them adequately, let alone provide for extras. meagreness may be recognized by other children if a child does not have the latest fashion or electronic gadge t at home. This may lead to a child being excluded from certain playground groups. It has been reported that children from deprived circumstances do not ordinarily do well aat school as this impacts on most areas of their development. Health 2. 1 b Ill health of a mother or baby immediately afterward birth can have a profound effect on a child.It is in this very proterozoic stage of life that infants need the care of a constant caregiver. every temporary removal to this process stops the childs normal attachment progression. This could then result in a child fight to form close relationships later in life. A child may be unwell occasionally and need to rub off from school for a few days. There will be subject for concern if this becomes a regular pattern. Any child who misses out on school restricts their develop mental opportunities. A child who has a physical impairment is understandably qualified in certain areas, such as ovement in the playground and the social interac tions that come with play. Support from adults around them is essential to help ensure they are include wheresoever possible. Growth and weight are primary indicators that are used by professionals to oversee lizard the progress and well being of children. Children of the same age are often different shapes and sizes and there are a number of indicators that can explain this. For example boys are often bigger than girl, genetics may be responsible for a boy having a short stature and clarified frame, or a scurvy nourishment may be responsible for a child being overweight.In all these sides reference to a growth chart may provide answers or definition for their current development position. A pattern emerges over time for each child and cause for alarm would be if there was a sudden or bully deviation from the normal pattern. The channel for a child who was born prematurely will initially be on a lower path than that of a full term baby however it would be expected to cat ch up over time. Even if this was not the case as long as the child was showdown other development goals this would not be an issue in isolation. surroundings 2. 1 cWhere children live has a attach effect on their social and emotional development. Children that live in a nice, clean, graffito free, residential area are probably to grow up stress free. They will probably live in a single family residence, in a graphic setting, with room to run and exercise their gross motor skills. It is liable(predicate) that they will know their neighbours giving them opportunities for extended social interactions. higher(prenominal) rise dwellings noise and traffic taint overcrowding and access to services, all contribute to levels of mental distress for many children.This manifests itself indirectly as poor interactions with parents and teachers which culminate in poor language and learning development. Children are routinely exposed to noise from cars, airplanes, music and othe r people. It is essential for children to be able to hear properly in order to learn how to read. save, when they are constantly bombarded with acute noise levels they begin to ignore all auditive input. This excuse mechanism has been documented by researchers who recorded significantly reduced reading and speech ability.Childrens cognitive development is also compromised by noise defilement as adults and teachers around them bark to be heard. Teachers can become annoyed, fatigued and intent in a loud environment. Their pedagogy style can become compromised as they lose valuable time transaction with distractions. This indirectly deals another blow to the child chances of developing Crowding is another factor that has been noted as having a attach effect on childrens development. This phenomenon can affect the only child as well as those from large families.It comes about when a child is placed in an over displace situation over which they feel they have no control. Children may withdraw into themselves as a coping strategy. This may reach in a childrens application area and result in less constructive and interactive play. Language development can be affect as parents speak less to children in crowded situations. There is also a inclination to speak in simple terms, thereby depriving them of the luck to hear and learn more complicated words. Importance of recognising and responding to concerns 2. As parents you are in the best position to succeed and monitor how your child is developing. Conversely when you feel that there is something wrong you should trust your instincts and dont be afraid to discuss them with your doctor or health care professional. You cleverness notice that your child never makes eye contact with you perhaps they run to respond to your voice or they intro sudden and severe mood changes some(prenominal) multiplication throughout the day. Instead of speculating what readiness be the problem might be on your own, a pro per diagnosis is best.Early intervention will key out any problem and work towards solutions can start straight away if necessary. If you severalise that there are external issues touch on your child you should respond to them appropriately. As a parent or carer you could share your concerns with your childs teacher. This will allow them to be bracing to the childs behaviour and they may be able to monitor their progress more closely for a time. It is also important to disclose changes in the family environment, such as a family break up with changes to living arrangements.As I have already said these may well have an effect on the child that the teacher can be forewarned to deal with. In some schools you may have direct access to the particular Education Needs Coordinator or the child can be referred to them via the teacher. It is continuously a good idea to find out from the school who these people are and what is the influence to get access to them. If you have this i nformation available before you need it you will be able to act right away and correctly when concerns arise. -Transitional stages Experienced by most children 3. 1 Being bornMilk to solidsCrawling to walkingBeing ply to feeding themselvesNappies to potty trainedUnaware to aware of selfHome to nursery Nursery to Primary SchoolPrimary School to fourth-year SchoolPubertySexual awarenessChanging friendshipsHandling financesGetting a job * * Puberty * * You will need to watch out for Puberty, or adolescence as it is sometimes called. This is the natural innovation that your child will go through on the way to becoming an adult. diversion from the growth spurt that occurs at this time for both sexes, girls will have their source period, and boys experience their first wet ambition (nighttime emission) and voice breaking etc. little physical changes are the physiological, behavioural and relationships. The exorbitance of these changes may be overwhelming for a child who feels that there is something actually wrong with them but they are too afraid to ask anyone. The stress adolescents feel during these times of change can lead them to travail drink or drugs as a coping strategy. Others may experiment with warmheartedness shame or engage in risky sexual behaviour.There are various consequences that can come about from this behaviour such as spotting sexually transmitted diseases teenage maternalism or even death from habituation overdose or suicide * * These scenarios have been well studied and documented, they are included here not to alarm but to make you aware and equip you with guideers that will help you recognise situations that can be emotionally tough for your child. Stay involved with your child during these conversions and encourage them to talk to you about anything and everything, listen to them without judgment. Does your child feel pretermit?Set aside some special(prenominal) time with them to show your interest and this will gi ve you an opportunity to pick up on problems or changes in their behaviour. egg on your child to talk about their experience or knowledge of different substances and the abuse of them. You have every right to know who your child is friends with and keep track of their movements. once again research has shown that children whose activities are not monitored by their parents are 4 times more likely to use drugs. Any comment of changes or disturbing behaviour should alert you to seek the help of professionals at an premature stage. Experienced by some children 3. 2 A new siblingDomestic violenceBullyingEmotional abuseParents separating/divorcingSerious illness (child/parent)Family member diesUnexpected change of schoolMoving house Physical/sexual abuseSeparation from familyParent(s) in prisonLooked after by local anesthetic authorityMarriage (consensual/forced)Learn to driveGoing to universityChange group of friendsComing out as alert or lesbian * Going to University * * You might think this is great for you and your child. You have promote and supported them for years.They have studied hard and beat off stiff competition for a place at the university of their choice. Nevertheless, their divergence is a significant milestone for the family as it ushers in a new transition and time of separation that everyone will have to get used to. Unless the family is quite slopped the stress of financing higher genteelness can have a disconfirming impact on all. The adjustment for students away from home for the first time can have an effect on their mental health. The empty nest left behind may give you as parents a feeling of loss as you retire from some of your parental control. * The impact of university on students gives them a newfound sense of emancipation as they are off the microwave radar in terms of parental restrictions and rules. However, they will be confronted by new and different pressures as they take control of their lives. They now have to learn to live with a new family and learn how they are now to behave with this new group of people. The opportunity for study is obviously available but so is the list of other things to do and places to go. It can be a time of sensory overload as short letter work and parties vie for attention.As a parent you should encourage your child to research new interests, meet new people and discover their new surroundings, with the proviso that acquire an education should be the foremost concern. gain them to seek out professors or other adults who can keep them focused and grounded. stop they know where to turn for help if they do encounter problems whether they are academic or emotional. * * In the midst of students finding their independence and doing fine you may be in receipt of a tearful remember call.You may try to advise from a distance but this is not always possible. Work out ways to stay connected and involved by doing little things to remind them they are in your thought s. direct cards or notes with pictures of events they have lost(p) can help to let them know they are loved and it is not a case of out of sight out of mind. * Affect of transitions on childrens behaviour and development 3. 3 At some time children will have to leave the hassock of their home and move on to some form of fishing tackle formal or formal education.This might initially be at a playgroup, nursery or reception class. Whichever route they take it is a time of study change for them and the way they handle it should be monitored closely. Children who have been used to one on one attention may struggle with having to share the teacher with the rest of their classmates. However those who have had a secure and adroit upbringing will be emotionally mature enough to cope with the change. Children of a more delicate nature may regress in their behaviour and need reassurance to participate.They may suck their thumb for comfort or cling to a ducky toy or object. Sensitive treatment of these actions will help them through and build up confidence to a point where learning is not hindered. Children who are looked after have been prematurely separated from parents. If this takes place in the formative years it is likely that they will have attachment issues. When this happens a child can become emotionally stuck at the age they were when the separation took place.This can then have a deleterious affect on how they view making attachments with others who are tasked with looking after them. The defense mechanism is now set to I will act up and disclaim to engage with you just in case you up and leave me too. Every suit must be made to engage these special children and help them overcome their disadvantage circumstances. Universities are well aware of the problems set about by students, especially in the first year, and have systems in place to deal with these transitions. References If you wish to do some more research or reading on the subject h ere are some of the books and websites I found useful when writing this booklet. Supporting teaching and learning in schools Louise Burnham & Brenda Baker, 2010 6 to 16 Child discipline Penny Tassoni, 2007 The effects of the Physical Environment on Childrens Development Dr Gary Evans http//www. parenting. cit. cornell. edu/documents/Physical-Environment-Evans. pdf www. nhs. co. uk www. pampers. co. uk